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Pesticide Information Program Logo Monarch Butterflies
and B.t. Corn
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  1. Monarch butterflies and B.t. corn - USDA
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  2. New Research Shows That Bt Crops Pose Little Threat to Non-Target Organisms - results of 11 field studies on the impact of Bt crops on non-target organisms published in Environmental Entomology, an Entomological Society of America journal, October 2005.
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  3. Monarch butterflies and B.t. corn - A study from Cornell University in New York was recently published in the science journal Nature (May 1999) and suggests that pollen from B.t. corn may have toxic effects on larvae of the Monarch butterfly. B.t. corn hybrids are corn hybrids that contain part of the genetic material of the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis ('B.t.'). This genetic material enables the corn to "defend itself" against caterpillars that may feed on it by producing a material that is toxid to the caterpillars. The toxin is produced and occurs throughout the corn plant, including the pollen. This ICM article answers several questions related to B.t. corn and its impact on monarchs.
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  4. Research Q&A: B.t. Corn and Monarch Butterflies
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  5. B.t. Corn Not a Threat to Monarchs - A consortium of federal, university and industry scientists led by the Agricultural Research Service has completed two years of research to answer the question: Does B.t. corn pose a threat to monarch butterflies? The answer, supported by science, is that there is no significant risk. See the article.
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Last Updated: November 21, 2005

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